پینک فلوید Pink Floyd

[دانه کولانه]

پینک فلوید PINK FLOYD

پینک فلوید از اولین گروه های موسیقی راک بود.از اواسط دهه ي 60 موسیقی انها به نحوه بی رحمانه ای با الکترونیک و تمامی جلوه های ویژه پیوند خورد تا موسیقی پاپ را به محدوده ی خود وارد کنند و این درست در زمانی بود که گروه با مفاهیم مختلف و سنگین و ترانه های متفاوت گلاویز بود و موسیقیشان، هم در ترانه ها و هم در موزیک شکل کلاسیک و اُپرایی به خود گرفته بود . علی رغم ان که گروهی مشهور بود در سال 1980با شکست مواجه شد و دلیل این شکست چیزی نبود جز جنگ بر سر رهبری گروه و سرانجام مالکیت نام گروه.انهاچیزی بیش از یک گروه که اجرای قدیمی داشت، بودند و توانایی پر کردن استادیوم ها و بودن در صدر جدولها را داشتند . مطمئنا کسل کننده شدن کار های گروه در روزهای بعدی نمی تواند پوشاننده ی این حقیقت باشد که پس از گذشت ده سال از شکل گیری گروه انها یکی از مبتکرترین گروه ها بودند ،چه در کنسرت ها و چه در استودیو !.
در حالی که پینک فلوید بیشتر به خاطر مفاهیم بلند پروازانه ی خود در البوم های سال1970مشهور بود به عنوان نوع بسیار متفاوتی از گروه شروع به کار کرد.خیلی زود پس از شروع اجرای دسته جمعی در اواسط سال 60 انها تحت رهبری گیتاریست اصلی "Syd Barrett" قرار گرفتند .او نابغه ای بود که نوشتن و خواندن بسیاری از کارهای اولیه ی انها را بر عهده داشت.اهل کمبریج صحنه ی نمایش را با "راجر واترز"(باس)،"ریک رایت"(کی بورد) و" نیک ماسون"(درام) تقسیم کرد.نام پینک فلوید که به ظاهر بسیار عجیب به نظر می رسید در واقع نتیجه ی ترکیب نام های دو خواننده ی سبک "بلوز"یعنی پینک اندرسون و فلوید کونسیل"بود.در اغاز پینک فلوید بسیار رسمی تر از اجرایی بود که در حال پیشرفت و تمرکز بر روی راک و" R&B" بود .انواعی از موسیقی که در میان گروههای انگلیسی اواسط 60 بسیار رایج بود.

به سرعت شروع به آزمایش کرد .هر چند که اجرای ترانه ها به وسیله ی آلات موسیقی عجیب،استفاده از صداهای ناهنجار ، وهم آور و عجیب که به وسیله ی یک تقویت کننده ساخته می شد قطعات را از کنترل خارج می کرد.. در سال 1966 انها شروع به تولید کارهای زیرزمینی در لندن کردند.روی صحنه، انها شروع به استفاده از رقص نور برای افزودن بر تاثیر روانی کردند."Syd Barrett"شروع به سرودن کارهای پاپ کرد که نقش ها و شکل های عجیب را ( به خصوص در گیتار های فراموش نشدنی و بدیهه نوازی زیبا به وسیله ی ارگ)با ملودی های گیرا و غزلیات نافذ که جهان را با حسی شاعرانه و بچگانه نمایش داد. گروه در اوایل سال 1967قراردادی برای ضبط موسیقی با "EMI"بست و در میان بیست اهنگ برتر با تک خوانی زیبای "Arnold Layne" قرار گرفت.یک همدردی و تصویر کمدی در مورد کسی که در لباس و رفتار جنس مخالف تقلید می کند.کار بعدی یعنی "See Emily Play"در بین ده اهنگ برتر قرار گرفت .اولین البوم انها نیز در سال 1967با نام "فلوت زن کنار دروازه ی صبح"منتشر شد احتمالا زیباترین البوم انگلستان بعد از " Sgt. Pepper's" بود.البومی که تقریبا به طور کامل تحت تسلط اهنگ های "Barrett"بود. یک کلکسیون زیبا ازخوانندگان راک مرموز( "Lucifer Sam")، شخصیت های عجیب("The Gnome")، دوران کودکی ("Bike"،"Matilda Mother") و قطعات عجیب ("Astronomy Domine"،Interstellar Overdrive"،"Pow R Toch") که به خاطر شیفتگی انها نسبت به فضا طراحی و برنامه ریزی شده بود.این کار نه تنها هیچ مانندی در ان زمان نداشت، شبیه هیچ کدام از کار هایی که پینک فلوید انها را ساخت نبود.رنگارنگ و بیشتر خنده اور ، دوستانه و شاد نسبت به کارهای بعدی انها که بیشتر حماسی بود.دلیل انکه پینک فلوید هرگز نتوانست البومی شبیه "فلوت زن "بسازد این بود این البوم تنها البومی بود که با رهبری "بررت"ساخته شد. در اواسط 1967این نابغه شروع به نشان دادن علائمی از بی ثباتی روانی کرد."بررت "بر روی صحنه کاتاتونیایی(نوعی بیماری که شخص قادر به صحبت کردن ،فکر کردن و تکان دادن اعضای بدن خود نیست)می شد و نمی توانست به هیچ عنوان بنوازد. با توجه به این که بیشتر کار های انها وابسته به "بررت"بود اعضای گروه به این نتیجه رسیدند که کار کردن و زندگی با او غیر ممکن است. در اوایل سال 1968 گیتاریستی به نام "Dave Gilmour"که دوست اعضای گروه بود و اتفاقا اهل کمبریج بود به عنوان پنجمین نفر به گروه پیوست.ایده ی اصلی این بود که" Gilmour" پینک فلوید را قادر می سازد تا همچنان به عنوان یک گروه موثر به کار خود ادامه دهد و "بررت"به نوشتن و همکاری با گروه ادامه دهد.اما این کار هم عملی نشد و چند ماه بعد "بررت"از گروه بیرون رفت.مدیریت پینک فلوید که گیتاریست اصلی،خواننده ی رهبر و ترانه سرای خود را از دست داده بود و شاهد نابودی گروه بود تصمیم به رها کردن گروه و تحت کنترل گرفتن "بررت"به عنوان یک تک نواز گرفتند.

این گونه اتفاقات برای بیشتر گروه هایی که در مخمصه گرفتار شده بودند غیر قابل حل بود. به طور باور نکردنی اعضای پینک فلوید دوباره مانند یک گروه به دور هم جمع شدند و نه تنها محبوبیت خود را حفظ کردند ، موفق تر از قبل نیز شدند.اولین البوم گروه جز ده کار برتر در انگلستان بود اما تقریبا در امریکا ناشناس بود .جایی که غیاب "سید بررت"هیچ معنایی نداشت."Gilmour"گیتاریستی فوق العاده بود و گروه نیز توانایی خود در نوشتن کارهای اصلی ثابت کرد تا البوم های زیباتری را تولید کند." Waters"سرانجام به عنوان اهنگ ساز مسلط پدیدار شد.درسال 1968البوم"A Saucerful of Secrets"در بین ده کار برتر قرار گرفت .در این البوم از بينش "بررت"نیز به عنوان یک نقشه مشهود استفاده شد اما با شکلی رسمی تر ، محزون تر و شبه کلاسیک، به خصوص در قطعات طولانی."بررت"قبل از اینکه مشکل روانی اش او را به عقب نشینی و انزوا وادار کند دو کار زیبا به صورت انفرادی اجرا کرد. تا چهار سال پینک فلوید مشغول اصلاح راک آزمایشی خود بود .پنهان شده در زیر ریتم ارگ و گیتار و بیان مجدد موضوعات سبک "بلوز"و "پاپ"بود که کار ها را برای شنوندگان در دسترس قرار می داد.با رها کردن کارهای فرعی انها بر روی البوم هایی با کارهای بلند کار کردند و کار های بزرگی را در اروپا و امریکای شمالی تولید کردند.در حالی که " Ummagumma "(که به دو بخش ضبط زنده و گردش های آزمایشی هر یک از اعضای گروه تقسیم شده بود)،"مادری با قلبی به اندازه ی اتم"(محصول همکاری با اهنگسازی به نام" Ron Geesin") و " more ..." (یک موسیقی فیلم) کارهایی نامنظم بودند ،هر کدام قسمتهایی فوق العاده داشتند.در اوایل دهه ي 70"سید بررت"خاطره ای محو شده از ذهن طرفداران پینک فلوید بود .هرچند که گروه هرگز نتوانست کمی از درخشش غیرعادی بودن در اغاز 1967را کسب کند."دخالت"(1971)باعث پیشرفت کارهای حماسی گروه شد و انها را قابل درک کرد و محیط علمی تخیلی را که گروه از سال 1968در جستجوی ان بود را برایشان تکمیل کرد. هیچ چیز پینک فلوید و هوادارانش را برای موفقیت بزرگی که در سال1973به خاطر البوم "طرف تاریک ماه"اماده نکرد (البومی که راک کیهانی انها را مورد تحسین قرار داد.)البومی که بیشتر بر روی متن اهنگ تمرکز کرده بود . در ان به موقع از دستگاه تقویت صوت استفاده شده بود و تاثیر ساکسیفون و صدای روح بخش زنانه در ان دیده می شد."طرف تاریک ماه "سرانجام پینک فلوید را به ستاره ای در امریکا مبدل کرد. جالب تر اینکه این البوم بیشترین فروش را در ان زمان داشت."طرف تاریک ماه "برای مدت 741هفته بر روی بیلبورد قرار داشت.علاوه بر این ، ساختار اهنگها به "طرف تاریک ماه"کمک کرد تا به راحتی درسطح جهانی قابل ترجمه باشد و به یکی از بزرگترین البوم های راک در سرتاسر جهان تبدیل شود.البوم"ارزو می کردم که اینجا بودی" در سال1975منتشر شد و"Shine On You Crazy Diamond"نشانه ی احترام به دوستشان "بررت"(که مدتها قبل مرده بود)، بود. بر روی البوم " طرف تاریک ماه" موضوعاتی چون ناامنی ، ترس و سردی زندگی مدرن حکم فرما بود."ارزو می کردم که اینجا بودی "و "حیوانات"(1977)این موضوعات ناراحت کننده را به وضوح بسط دادند.البوم "دیوار"در سال 1979منتشر شد.اندوه و ناراحتی ، باعث می شد که تمرکز البوم بر روی ساخته های بشر و دیوارهای عاطفی که انسانهای امروز برای حفظ بقای خود ساخته بودند ، باشد."دیوار"یک موفقیت بزرگ بود، شاید به دلیل انکه قسمتی از شکل الکترونیکی خود را از دست داده بود و بیشتر به پاپ نزدیک شده بود.هرچند که پینک فلوید تا سال 60 به ندرت کارهای تک ارائه می کردند اما "آجری دیگر در دیوار"در ان سوی آبهای آتلانتیک هم در رتبه ی اول قرار گرفت.
گروه از سال 70نمایشهای استادانه اش را افزایش داد با وجود اینکه البوم "دیوار"درواقع ساختمان یک دیوار واقعی را در اجراهای گروه نشان می داد هنوز بهترین بود.در سال 1980 اعضای گروه از هم جدا شدند. هر کدام از چهار عضو گروه در گذشته کار هایی را به تنهایی اجرا کرده بودند.مشکل انجا بود که "Waters" ادعای کنترل هویت موزیک و ترانه های گروه را می کرد. اینکه"برش نهایی"(1983) کاری فوق العاده ای به همراه نوآوری الکتریکی نبود مشکلی بزرگی نبود اما گروه کمی پس از ان برای مدتی از هم پاشید. در سال 1986"Waters"از "Gilmour"و "Mason"تقاضا کرد تا مشکل گروه را حل کنند.("Wright" به طور کامل از گروه خارج شده بود.) در اتفاقی طنزآمیز ، بیست سال پس از اینکه پینک فلوید رهبر اصلی خود را از دست داده بود و موفقیتش تنها به کارهای تبلیغاتی خلاصه شده بود این اتفاقات برای جانشین رهبر قبلی نیز اتفاق افتاد."Waters" توانست البوم هایی را به تنهایی منتشر کند که نتیجه ی ان توجهی در حد معمول بود. در حالی که او به همکاری خود با همکار قبلی اش ("Wright" )فکر می کرد جدول ها در ذهنش ترسیم می شدند.پینک فلوید هنوز هم هواداران زیادی داشت. انها می دانستند که فرمولشان می تواند در سطح وسیعی میلیونها نفر را جذب کند.افرادی که حتی در زمان "طرف تاریک ماه" به دنیا نیامده بودند و حتی از این مسئله که "سید بررت"زمانی یکی از اعضای گروه بوده اطلاع نداشتند تا کار های انفرادی انها را بخرند .
" The Division Bell"اولین البوم انها پس از هفت سال بود. که در سال 1994 در صدر جدول ها قرار گرفت.این اتفاق برای البوم"ضربان"که در همان سال ضبط شده بود و شامل کنسرت "طرف تاریک ماه "نیز می شد هم پیش امد.
Waters "دیوار" را به عنوان یک تک نوازی در کنار دیوار برلین در سال 1990 اجرا کرد .
roozmusic

[دانه کولانه]

About Pink Floyd

Waters rejoined the band on July 2, 2005 at the London Live 8 concert, playing to Pink Floyd's biggest audience ever. On February 3, 2006 Gilmour gave an interview to the Italian magazine "La Repubblica" which indicated the band would no longer tour or produce any new material, although various members still plan on producing solo or collaborative material and the possibility of an appearance similar to Live 8 has not been ruled out by either Mason or Gilmour.
Pink Floyd evolved from an earlier band, formed in 1964, which was at various times called Sigma 6, The Meggadeaths, The Screaming Abdabs, and The Abdabs. When this band split up, some of its members - guitarist Bob Klose, bass player Roger Waters, drummer Nick Mason, and future keyboardist Rick Wright - who at this point played primarily wind instruments - formed a new band called Tea Set, and were joined shortly thereafter by guitarist Syd Barrett, who became the band's primary vocalist as well. When Tea Set found itself on the same bill as another band with the same name, Barrett came up with an alternate name on the spur of the moment, choosing The Pink Floyd Sound (after two blues musicians, Pink Anderson and Floyd Council). For a time after this they oscillated between 'T-Set' and 'The Pink Floyd Sound', with the latter name eventually winning out. The word Sound was dropped fairly quickly, but the definite article was still used occasionally for several years afterward, up to about the time of the More soundtrack. In the early days, the band covered rhythm and blues staples such as " Louie, Louie", but gained notoriety for psychedelic interpretations, with extended improvised sections and 'spaced out' solos.

[دانه کولانه]

Pink Floyd Biography

HISTORY

Pink Floyd (formed in 1965 in Cambridge, England) is a British progressive rock band, noted for their progressive compositions, sonic experimentation, album art and live shows. Pink Floyd is one of rock's most successful acts, having sold an estimated 250 million albums worldwide.

Pink Floyd enjoyed moderate success in the late-1960s as a psychedelic band led by Syd Barrett. After Barrett's erratic behavior caused his colleagues to add guitarist David Gilmour (who eventually replaced Barrett), the band went on to record several elaborate concept albums, achieving worldwide success with 1973's Dark Side of the Moon, one of the best-selling and most enduringly popular albums in rock history.

In 1985, bassist Roger Waters declared Pink Floyd defunct, but the remaining band members recorded and twice toured under the Pink Floyd name without him, the most recent tour ending in October 1994. Waters rejoined the band at the London Live 8 concert on July 2, 2005, playing to Pink Floyd's biggest audience ever.



SYD BARRET LED YEARS: 1965-1968

Pink Floyd evolved from an earlier band which was at various times called Sigma 6, The Meggadeaths, The Screaming Abdabs, and The Abdabs (see Band members for previous line-ups). When this band split up, some of its members formed a new band called Tea Set. When Tea Set found itself on the same bill as another band with the same name, Syd Barrett came up with the alternate name on the spur of the moment. He chose the name The Pink Floyd Sound (after two blues musicians, Pink Anderson and Floyd Council) For a time after this they oscillated between 'Tea Set' and 'The Pink Floyd Sound', with the latter name eventually winning out. The word Sound was dropped fairly quickly, but the definite article was still used occasionally for several years afterward, up to about the time of the More soundtrack.

Pink Floyd originally consisted of Syd Barrett (vocals, guitar), Richard Wright (keyboards, vocals), Bob Klose (guitar), Roger Waters (bass, vocals) and Nick Mason (drums).

In the early days, the band covered rhythm and blues staples such as "Louie, Louie", but gained notoriety for their psychedelic interpretations, with extended improvised sections and 'spaced out' solos.

The heavily jazz-oriented Klose left the band shortly before Pink Floyd started recording to become a photographer, leaving an otherwise stable lineup. Barrett started writing his own songs, influenced by American surf music and British psychedelic rock with his own brand of whimsical humor. Pink Floyd became a favorite in the underground movement, playing at such prominent venues as the UFO club, the Marquee Club and the Roundhouse.

As their popularity increased, the band formed Blackhill Enterprises in October 1966, a six-way business partnership with their managers, Peter Jenner and Andrew King issuing the chart singles "Arnold Layne" in March 1967 and "See Emily Play" in June 1967. "Arnold Layne" reached number 20 in the UK singles chart, and "See Emily Play" reached number 6, granting the band their first TV appearance on Top of the Pops in July 1967.

Released in August 1967, the band's debut album The Piper at the Gates of Dawn is considered to be a prime example of English psychedelic music. The album's tracks showcase poetic lyrics and an eclectic mixture of music, from the avant garde free form piece "Interstellar Overdrive" to whimsical songs, such as "Scarecrow", inspired by the Fenlands, the rural region north of Cambridge, Barrett, Gilmour and Waters's home town. The album was a hit, peaking at #6 in the UK charts. During this period, the band toured with Jimi Hendrix, gaining them further popularity.

SYD BARRETT'S DECLINE

As the band became more and more popular, the stresses of life on the road and a significant intake of psychedelic drugs took its toll on Barrett. In January 1968, guitarist David Gilmour joined the band to carry out the playing and singing duties of Syd, whose mental health had been deteriorating for several months. Nevertheless, it was intended that he was to remain as the band's figurehead and main songwriter. With Barrett's behavior becoming less and less predictable, and his use of LSD almost constant, he became very unstable, often staring into space while the rest of the band performed. The band's live shows became increasingly ramshackle until, eventually, the other band members simply stopped taking him to the concerts.

Once Barrett's departure was formalized in April 1968, producers Jenner and King decided to remain with him, and the six-way Blackhill partnership was dissolved. The band adopted Steve O'Rourke as their manager, and he remained with Pink Floyd until his death in 2003.

FINDING THEIR FEET: 1969-1970

Whilst Barrett had written the bulk of the first record, The Piper at the Gates of Dawn, only one Barrett composition, the Piper outtake "Jugband Blues", appeared on the second Floyd album. A Saucerful of Secrets was released in June 1968, reaching #9 in the UK. The album contained hints of things to come, the center-piece being the 12-minute title track. Future Floyd albums would expand upon the lengthy compositions, offering more focused songwriting with each subsequent release.

Pink Floyd were recruited by director Barbet Schroeder to produce a soundtrack for his film, "More", which premiered in May 1969. The music was released as a Floyd album in its own right, Music From the Film More, in July 1969 . Pink Floyd would use this and future soundtrack recording sessions to produce work that may not have fit into their idea of what would appear on a proper Pink Floyd LP, many of the numbers on Music From The Film More being acoustic folk songs. The rest of the album consisted of incidental music with a few rockers such as "The Nile Song" thrown in.

The next record, the double album Ummagumma, was a mix of live recordings and unchecked studio experimentation by the band members, with each recording half a side of a vinyl as a solo project (Mason's wife makes an uncredited contribution as a flautist). The album was Pink Floyd's most popular release yet, hitting UK #5 and making the U.S. charts at #70.

1970's Atom Heart Mother was a collaboration with avant-garde composer Ron Geesin. One side of the album consisted of the title piece, a 23-minute long rock-orchestral suite. The second side featured one song from each of the band's then-current vocalists (Roger Waters' "If", David Gilmour's "Fat Old Sun" and Rick Wright's "Summer 68"). Another lengthy piece, "Alan's Psychedelic Breakfast", was a sound collage of a man cooking and eating breakfast and his thoughts on the matter, linked with instrumentals. The album reached number one in the UK album charts, although the album has since been described by Gilmour as the sound of a band "blundering about in the dark". The album was a transitional piece for the group, hinting at future musical territory. The popularity of the album allowed Pink Floyd to embark in their first U.S. tour.

BREAKTROUGH ERA: 1971-1975

The band's sound was considerably more focused on Meddle (1971), with the 23-minute epic "Echoes" taking up the entire second side of the LP. Meddle was considered by David Gilmour to be Pink Floyd's first "real" album, as it had the sound and style of the succeeding breakthrough-era Pink Floyd albums and stripped away the orchestra that was prominent in Atom Heart Mother.

Meddle also included the atmospheric "One of These Days", a concert classic, with Nick Mason's menacing one-line vocal, "One of these days, I'm going to cut you into little pieces", and a melody that at one point segues into a throbbing synthetic pulse quoting the theme tune of the cult classic science fiction television show Doctor Who.

A glimpse into their humorous side was shown on "Seamus" (earlier, "Mademoiselle Nobs"), a pseudo-blues number featuring lead vocals by a Russian wolfhound called Seamus, belonging to Steve Marriott. Waters' jazzy "San Tropez" was brought to the band practically completed, requiring minimal help in arrangement from the other band members. Pink Floyd were rewarded with a #3 chart peak in the UK for Meddle.

Obscured By Clouds was released in 1972 as the soundtrack to the film La Vallee, another art house film by Barbet Schroeder. This was the band's first U.S. Top 50 album, hitting #6 at in the U.K.

Despite Pink Floyd never having been a hit-single-driven group (at the time they had given up on singles after their 1968 flop "Point Me At The Sky"), their massively successful 1973 album, Dark Side of the Moon, featured a U.S. Top 20 single ("Money"), and more importantly the album hit #1 in the U.S. chart. The critically-acclaimed album stayed on the Billboard Top 200 for 741 weeks (including 591 consecutive weeks from 1973 to 1988), breaking many records on the way, and making it one of the top-selling albums of all time.

Dark Side of the Moon, the first of Pink Floyd's five concept albums, described the different pressures applying in everyday life. The concept (conceived in Nick Mason's kitchen) proved a powerful catalyst for the band and together they drew up a list of themes: "On The Run" was dedicated to travel; "Time" depicted the encroachment of old age; "The Great Gig In The Sky" (originally named "Mortality Sequence" and "Religious Theme" during development) dealt with death; "Money" satirically spoke of the corrupting influence of money that often comes with fame and power; "Us And Them" entailed violence, and futility of war (a theme Waters would return to throughout his career) and "Brain Damage" touched on themes of insanity and neurosis. This was the first Pink Floyd LP to feature lyrics exclusively written by Roger Waters. Not surprisingly, this was also the first Floyd LP to have lyrics printed inside the sleeve.

Thanks to the use of new 16-track recording equipment at Abbey Road Studios and the investment of an enormous amount of time by engineer Alan Parsons, the album set new standards for sound fidelity.

It was during this period that the band released the first of their films, "Live at Pompeii". Film Director Adrian Maben's film featured footage of the band's 1971 performance at an amphitheater in Pompeii with no audience present (only the film crew and stage staff), interspersed with interviews and behind-the-scenes footage of the band in the studio recording Dark Side Of The Moon.

Dark Side of the Moon and the three following albums (Wish You Were Here, Animals and The Wall) are widely regarded as the peak of Pink Floyd's career. Wish You Were Here, released in 1975, carries an abstract theme of absence: absence of any humanity within the music industry and, most poignantly, the absence of Syd Barrett. This theme is carried by the music as well as the artwork packaged with the album. Originally, the album was sold with a black cellophane wrapping, hiding any indication of what could be beneath. In addition to the classic acoustic title track, Wish You Were Here, the album includes the majestic, mostly instrumental nine-part "Shine On You Crazy Diamond", a tribute to Barrett in which the lyrics deal explicitly with the aftermath of his breakdown. The album also includes the songs "Welcome to the Machine" and "Have a Cigar" (Roy Harper sang the latter), both of which harshly criticize the music industry. Pink Floyd achieved their first transatlantic #1 album with Wish You Were Here, reaching the top spot in the UK as well as in the U.S.

ROGER WATERS LED ERA: 1976-1984

By January 1977, and the release of Animals (UK #2, U.S. #3), the band's music came under increasing criticism from some quarters in the new punk rock sphere as being too flabby and pretentious, having lost its way from the simplicity of early rock and roll. However, Animals was considerably more guitar-driven than the previous albums, due to either the influence of the punk-rock movement or the fact that the album was recorded at Pink Floyd's new (and somewhat incomplete) Britannia Row Studios. Animals again contained lengthy songs tied to a theme, this time taken in part from George Orwell's Animal Farm, using pigs, dogs and sheep as metaphors for members of contemporary society. Animals was the first Pink Floyd album not to feature any compositions from Rick Wright.

For the cover artwork, a giant inflatable pig was commissioned and floated over Battersea Power Station. This became one of the enduring symbols of Pink Floyd and inflatable pigs were a staple of Pink Floyd's live shows from then on.

1979's epic rock opera, The Wall, conceived mainly by Waters, gave Pink Floyd renewed acclaim and their first chart-topping single with "Another Brick in the Wall (Part 2)". The Wall spent an astounding 15 weeks atop the U.S. charts during 1980. The Wall is the third best-selling album of all time, worldwide, after Michael Jackson's Thriller and The Eagles' greatest hits.

The Wall included the future concert-staple "Comfortably Numb", which became a cornerstone of album-oriented rock and classic-rock radio playlists, and stands as one of the group's best-known songs. Performing The Wall proved to be so expensive that the show was performed in only four cities, albeit with multiple performances: Los Angeles, Uniondale (Long Island), Dortmund, and London.

Even more so than during the Animals sessions, Waters was increasingly asserting his artistic influence and leadership over the band, prompting frequent conflicts with the other members, and the eventual firing of Wright from the band. Wright returned, on a fixed wage, for the album's live concerts.

Ironically, he was the only member of Pink Floyd to make any money from the Wall shows, the rest having to cover the excessive costs (some of which stemmed from a failed investment made earlier by the band). The album was co-produced by Bob Ezrin, a friend of Waters who shared songwriting credits on "The Trial" and whom Waters then kicked out of the Floyd camp after Ezrin talked about the album to a journalist relative.

A film (essentially a music video for the entire album) entitled "Pink Floyd: The Wall" was released in 1982. The film, written by Waters and directed by Alan Parker, starred Boomtown Rats founder Bob Geldof and featured striking animation by noted British cartoonist Gerald Scarfe.

1983 saw the release of The Final Cut. Even darker in tone than The Wall, this album re-examined many previous themes, while also addressing then-current events, including Waters' anger at Britain's participation in the Falklands War ("The Fletcher Memorial Home") and his cynicism toward, and fear of, nuclear war ("Two Suns in the Sunset"). Michael Kamen and Andy Bown contributed keyboard work due to Wright's absence.

Though technically released as a Pink Floyd album, the interior sleeve specified "A requiem for the post war dream by Roger Waters, performed by Pink Floyd": the project was clearly dominated by Waters and became a prototype in sound and form for later Waters solo projects (Roger Waters has since said that he offered to release the record as a solo album, but the rest of the band rejected this idea). Gilmour also reportedly asked Waters to hold back the release of the album by a year so he could contribute material, but was rejected by Waters.

Only moderately successful by Floyd standards (UK #1, U.S. #6), the album yielded one minor rock radio hit, "Not Now John". The arguing between Waters and Gilmour by this stage was rumored to be so bad that they were never seen in the recording studio simultaneously. There was no tour.



DAVID GILMORE LED ERA: 1987-1995

After The Final Cut, the band members went their separate ways, each releasing solo albums to varying degrees of success. Waters announced in December of 1985 that he was departing Pink Floyd describing the band as "a spent force creatively". However, in 1986 Gilmour and Mason began recording a new Pink Floyd album. (At the same time, Roger Waters was also working on his second solo album entitled Radio K.A.O.S.). A bitter legal dispute ensued with Waters claiming that the name "Pink Floyd" should have been put to rest, but Gilmour and Mason upheld their conviction that they had the legal right to continue as "Pink Floyd". High Court proceedings went in favor of Gilmour and Mason, much to the chagrin of Waters, and the two camps continued working.

Gilmour and Mason returned to the studio, along with producer Bob Ezrin in 1986. Richard Wright also rejoined Gilmour and Mason during the final recording sessions of A Momentary Lapse of Reason (UK #3/U.S. #3) album, though he did not officially rejoin the band until the end of the subsequent tour. Gilmour later admitted that, aside from a few tom-tom parts, Nick Mason had hardly played on the album. Because of Mason's limited contribution, many critics say that A Momentary Lapse of Reason should really be regarded as a Gilmour solo effort, in the way that The Final Cut can be seen as a Waters solo album. Having usually worked in tandem with Waters in drafting lyrics, Gilmour received further criticism for bringing writers from outside the band to assist him.

The trio embarked on a three-year tour to promote A Momentary Lapse of Reason, officially culminating with their performance at the Knebworth festival in 1990. The band released a double live album taken from their 1988 Long Island shows, entitled Delicate Sound of Thunder. The band later recorded some instrumentals for a classic-car racing film (set in Mexico and featuring Gilmour and Mason as participating drivers). These instrumentals are notable for being the first Floyd songs co-written by Wright since 1975.

The band's next recording was the 1994 release The Division Bell (UK #1/U.S. #1), which was much more of a group effort than A Momentary Lapse of Reason had been, with Wright now reinstated as a full and contributing band member. The album was generally received more favorably by critics and fans alike than Lapse had been, sounding more like the timeless Pink Floyd of old. Saxophonist Dick Parry, a contributor to the mid-70s Floyd albums, also returned to the fold.

The ensuing "Division Bell Tour" was promoted by legendary Canadian concert impresario Michael Cohl and became the highest-grossing tour in rock history to that date, with the band playing the entirety of Dark Side of the Moon in some shows, the first time they had done so since 1975.

SOLO WORK AND FALLING APART: 1995-2004

Pink Floyd has not released any new studio material or toured since 1994's The Division Bell, nor is there a sign of any forthcoming, however the band released a live album entitled P*U*L*S*E in 1995. P*U*L*S*E featured songs recorded during the band's tour for "The Division Bell" and includes an entire performance of "Dark Side of the Moon" as well as other favourites from albums like "The Wall" and "A Momentary Lapse of Reason".

In 1996 the band performed Wish You Were Here with Billy Corgan (of The Smashing Pumpkins fame) at their Rock and Roll Hall of Fame induction. A live recording of The Wall released in 2000 compiled from their 1980/1981 London concerts, entitled Is There Anybody Out There? The Wall Live 1980-81.

A two-disc set of their best-known tracks entitled Echoes was released in 2001. This compilation caused some controversy due to the songs segueing into one other non-chronologically, thereby presenting the material out of the context of the original albums. Some of the tracks ("Echoes", "Shine On You Crazy Diamond", "Marooned" and "High Hopes") have had substantial parts removed from them.

David Gilmour released a solo concert DVD called David Gilmour in Concert in November 2002 which was compiled from shows on 2001-06-22, and 2002-01-17, at The Royal Festival Hall in London. Richard Wright, Robert Wyatt, and Bob Geldof (Pink in The Wall film) make guest appearances.

In 2002 Q magazine named Pink Floyd as one of the "50 Bands To See Before You Die". Longtime manager Steve O'Rourke died on October 30, 2003. The three remaining band members performed "Fat Old Sun" and "The Great Gig in the Sky" at his funeral at Chichester Cathedral, contrary to reports in the media and tabloids claiming they played "Wish You Were Here".

In 2003 a 30th-Anniversary SACD reissue of Dark Side of the Moon, featuring high resolution surround sound was released with new artwork on the front cover and in 2004 a remastered re-release of The Final Cut was released with the single "When the Tigers Broke Free" added.

Mason's book, Inside Out: A Personal History of Pink Floyd, was published in 2004. To promote it, Mason made public appearances in a few European and American cities, giving interviews and meeting large crowds at book signings. The book is not a definitive biography of the band, rather a personal view of Mason's experiences.

In 2004, it was announced that contracts had been signed for a Broadway musical version of The Wall, with extra music to be written by Waters. The Broadway version will feature all of the music written by Waters. It is not known whether the songs co-written by Gilmour ("Young Lust", "Comfortably Numb", and "Run Like Hell") will feature. The show is scheduled to be completed by mid 2005.

The 30th-Anniversary SACD reissue of Wish You Were Here is due later in 2005, also to feature high-resolution surround sound. Waters, Gilmour and Wright are reported to all be working on solo albums, with Waters and Gilmour's due to be released in 2006.

LIVE 8 2005-PRESENT

On July 2, 2005 Pink Floyd performed at the London Live 8 concert with Roger Waters rejoining David Gilmour, Nick Mason and Richard Wright. It was the quartet's first concert together in over 24 years ? the band's last show with Waters was at Earls Court in London on June 17, 1981.

Gilmour announced the Live 8 reunion on June 12, 2005:

Like most people I want to do everything I can to persuade the G8 leaders to make huge commitments to the relief of poverty and increased aid to the third world. It's crazy that America gives such a paltry percentage of its GNP to the starving nations. Any squabbles Roger and the band have had in the past are so petty in this context, and if re-forming for this concert will help focus attention then it's got to be worthwhile.

The band's set consisted of "Speak To Me/Breathe/Breathe Reprise", "Money", "Wish You Were Here" and "Comfortably Numb". As on the original recordings, Gilmour sang the lead vocals on "Breathe" and "Money", and shared them with Waters on Comfortably Numb. "Wish You Were Here" was the exception to this with Gilmour singing his usual verse, with Waters picking it up halfway through. During the guitar introduction of "Wish You Were Here", Waters said:

It's actually quite emotional standing up here with these three guys after all these years. Standing to be counted with the rest of you. Anyway, we're doing this for everyone who's not here, but particularly, of course, for Syd.

They were augmented by guitarist Tim Renwick (who toured with them in 1987-89 and 1994), keyboardist/guitarist Jon Carin, saxophonist Dick Parry during "Money" (who played on the original recordings of "Money", "Us And Them", and "Shine on You Crazy Diamond"), and backing singer Carol Kenyon during "Comfortably Numb".

Many fans expressed the hope that the Live 8 appearance would lead to a reunion tour. At first however the band has made it very clear that there are no such plans at that time. In the weeks after the show, the rifts that separated the members during the breakup seemed to have largely healed. David Gilmour confirmed that he and Waters were on "pretty amicable terms" and that they communicated via e-mail after the concert. Nick Mason said that the band would be willing to perform for a concert "that would support Israeli-Palestinian peace efforts."

Waters has offered what some see as conflicting comments on the issue, first saying, "Never say never [...] I mean, under sort of similar circumstances, or in some way, we might do things again" when questioned on the prospects of another performance. However in an interview in Rolling Stone, Waters appeared less optimistic: "I decided that if anything came up in rehearsals (for Live 8) - any difference of opinion - I would just roll over. And I did...I didn't mind rolling over for one day, but I couldn't roll over for a whole ****ing tour". However, in an October, 2005 interview with Word Magazine, Waters stated he "really loved" playing with the band again and he held out some possibility of the band re-forming again. "I hope we do it again. If some other opportunity arose, I could even imagine us doing Dark Side of the Moon again - you know, if there was a special occasion. It would be good to hear it again". Also, Waters stated on a BBC2 Radio interview in September the possibility of a reunion album with Gilmour, Mason and Wright.

In the week after Live 8, there was a revival of interest in Pink Floyd. According to record store chain HMV, sales of Echoes: The Best of Pink Floyd went up 1343%, while Amazon.co.uk reported increases in sales of The Wall at 3600%, Wish You Were Here at 2000%, Dark Side of the Moon at 1400% and Animals at 1000%. David Gilmour subsequently declared that he would donate all profits from this post Live 8 boom in sales to charity, and urged that all the other performing artists and their record companies should do the same.

On September 9, 2005 it was announced that Pink Floyd would be inducted into the UK Music Hall of Fame in November, furthering speculation about the future of the band.

LIVE PERFORMANCES

Pink Floyd is renowned for their lavish stage shows, combining over-the-top visual experiences with their music to create a show in which the performers themselves are almost secondary. In their early days, Pink Floyd were among the first bands to use a dedicated traveling light show in conjunction with their performances, projecting slides, film clips, pyrotechnics (exploding flashpots and the exploding gong and fireworks) and psychedelic patterns onto a large circular screen (dubbed "Mr. Screen"). Their early combination of music and visuals set the standard for subsequent rock tours on both sides of the Atlantic. Later shows featured oversized balloons (notably a giant pig balloon which floated over the audience during performances of Pigs from the Animals album), a plane crashing into the stage at the end of "On the Run", a giant flowering disco ball a projection screen which could be retracted and tilted, more than 100 multi-colored robotic 'dancing' spot lights, and multi-colored lasers.

The lavish stage shows were also the basis for Douglas Adams' fictional rock group "Disaster Area" (creators of the loudest noise in the universe, and making use of solar-flares in their stage show) in The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy series. Douglas Adams was a personal friend of David Gilmour and made a one-off guest appearance, on guitar, on the Division Bell tour (October 28, 1994), purportedly as a present for Adams' 42nd birthday.

THE WALL LIVE

Pink Floyd mounted their most elaborate stage show in conjunction with the tour of The Wall, in which a band of session musicians played the first song, wearing rubber face masks (proving successfully that the individual members of the band were practically anonymous to the public). Giant inflatable characters designed by Gerald Scarfe, including fully mobile giant puppets of a teacher and Pink's wife, with menacing spotlights for eyes, took the traditional inflatables to a whole new level.

During the first half of the show, a huge wall was built, brick by enormous brick, between the audience and the band. The final brick was placed as Roger Waters sang "goodbye" at the end of the song "Goodbye Cruel World". For the second half of the show, the band were largely invisible, except for a hole in the wall that simulated a hotel room setting, where Roger Waters "acted out" the story of Pink, and an appearance by David Gilmour on top of the wall to perform the climactic guitar solos in "Comfortably Numb". Other parts of the story were told by Gerald Scarfe animations projected onto the wall itself (these animations were later integrated into the film version Pink Floyd: The Wall). At the finale of the concert, the specially-constructed wall was demolished amidst sound effects and a spectacular light show.

The Wall concert was only performed a handful of times each in four cities: Los Angeles, Uniondale (Long Island), Dortmund, and London (at Earl's Court). The primary 'tour' occurred in 1980, but the band performed two more shows at Earl's Court in 1981 for filming, with the intention of being integrated into the upcoming movie (the resulting footage, however, was deemed substandard, and scrapped; years later, Roger Waters said that he had tried to locate this footage for historical purposes, but was unsuccessful, and he now considers it to be lost forever. There are, however, several unofficial videos of the entire live show in circulation). Gilmour and Mason attempted to convince Waters to expand the show for a more lucrative large-scale, stadium tour, but because of the very nature of the material (one of the primary themes is the distance between an artist and his audience), Waters insisted that such a tour would be hypocritical.

Roger Waters later re-created the Wall show in 1990, amid the ruins of the Berlin Wall, joined by a number of guest artists (including Bryan Adams, The Scorpions, Van Morrison, The Band, Tim Curry, Cyndi Lauper, Sin?ad O'Connor, Marianne Faithfull, Joni Mitchell, and Thomas Dolby).

THE IMAGES OF PINK FLOYD

Integral to the music is the artwork that comes with it. The album covers and sleeve artwork add to the emotional impact of the music with vivid and meaningful imagery.

Throughout the band's career, this aspect was mainly provided by the talents of photographer and graphic artist Storm Thorgerson and his erstwhile graphic studio Hipgnosis ("hip" gnosis or hypnosis).

Many of these images have acquired fame in their own right; notably the famous picture of a man shaking the hand of his burning alter-ego for Wish You Were Here and the refracting prism for Dark Side of the Moon. The cover of Meddle also gave testament to the band's ideas about the visualization of sound with its close-up of the human ear accompanied by visible sound waves.

In fact, Thorgerson was involved in all the artwork for every album except The Piper at the Gates of Dawn, the front cover of which was a photograph by Vic Singh and the back cover a drawing by Barrett; The Wall, for which the band employed Gerald Scarfe; and The Final Cut, the cover of which was designed by Waters himself, using photography made by his then brother-in-law, Willie Christie. A quote from Roger Waters from a video/DVD on the making of the Dark Side of the Moon album: "We always wanted to kind of... not be on our covers ourselves; not have pictures".

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